我们继续讲解LINQ to SQL语句,这篇我们来讨论Insert/Update/Delete操作。这个在我们的程序中最为常用了。我们直接看例子。
Insert/Update/Delete操作
插入(Insert)
1.简单形式
说明:new一个对象,使用InsertOnSubmit方法将其加入到对应的集合中,使用SubmitChanges()提交到数据库。
NorthwindDataContext db = new NorthwindDataContext();var newCustomer = new Customer{ CustomerID = "MCSFT", CompanyName = "Microsoft", ContactName = "John Doe", ContactTitle = "Sales Manager", Address = "1 Microsoft Way", City = "Redmond", Region = "WA", PostalCode = "98052", Country = "USA", Phone = "(425) 555-1234", Fax = null};db.Customers.InsertOnSubmit(newCustomer);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用InsertOnSubmit方法将新客户添加到Customers 表对象。调用SubmitChanges 将此新Customer保存到数据库。
2.一对多关系
说明:Category与Product是一对多的关系,提交Category(一端)的数据时,LINQ to SQL会自动将Product(多端)的数据一起提交。
var newCategory = new Category{ CategoryName = "Widgets", Description = "Widgets are the ……"};var newProduct = new Product{ ProductName = "Blue Widget", UnitPrice = 34.56M, Category = newCategory};db.Categories.InsertOnSubmit(newCategory);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用InsertOnSubmit方法将新类别添加到Categories表中,并将新Product对象添加到与此新Category有外键关系的Products表中。调用SubmitChanges将这些新对象及其关系保存到数据库。
3.多对多关系
说明:在多对多关系中,我们需要依次提交。
var newEmployee = new Employee{ FirstName = "Kira", LastName = "Smith"};var newTerritory = new Territory{ TerritoryID = "12345", TerritoryDescription = "Anytown", Region = db.Regions.First()};var newEmployeeTerritory = new EmployeeTerritory{ Employee = newEmployee, Territory = newTerritory};db.Employees.InsertOnSubmit(newEmployee);db.Territories.InsertOnSubmit(newTerritory);db.EmployeeTerritories.InsertOnSubmit(newEmployeeTerritory);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用InsertOnSubmit方法将新雇员添加到Employees 表中,将新Territory添加到Territories表中,并将新EmployeeTerritory对象添加到与此新Employee对象和新Territory对象有外键关系的EmployeeTerritories表中。调用SubmitChanges将这些新对象及其关系保持到数据库。
4.使用动态CUD重写(Override using Dynamic CUD)
说明:CUD就是Create、Update、Delete的缩写。下面的例子就是新建一个ID(主键)为32的Region,不考虑数据库中有没有ID为32的数据,如果有则替换原来的数据,没有则插入。
Region nwRegion = new Region(){ RegionID = 32, RegionDescription = "Rainy"};db.Regions.InsertOnSubmit(nwRegion);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用DataContext提供的分部方法InsertRegion插入一个区域。对SubmitChanges 的调用调用InsertRegion 重写,后者使用动态CUD运行Linq To SQL生成的默认SQL查询。
更新(Update)
说明:更新操作,先获取对象,进行修改操作之后,直接调用SubmitChanges()方法即可提交。注意,这里是在同一个DataContext中,对于不同的DataContex看下面的讲解。
1.简单形式
Customer cust = db.Customers.First(c => c.CustomerID == "ALFKI");cust.ContactTitle = "Vice President";db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用SubmitChanges将对检索到的一个Customer对象做出的更新保持回数据库。
2.多项更改
var q = from p in db.Products where p.CategoryID == 1 select p;foreach (var p in q){ p.UnitPrice += 1.00M;}db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用SubmitChanges将对检索到的进行的更新保持回数据库。
删除(Delete)
1.简单形式
说明:调用DeleteOnSubmit方法即可。
OrderDetail orderDetail = db.OrderDetails.First (c => c.OrderID == 10255 && c.ProductID == 36);db.OrderDetails.DeleteOnSubmit(orderDetail);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述:使用DeleteOnSubmit方法从OrderDetail 表中删除OrderDetail对象。调用SubmitChanges 将此删除保持到数据库。
2.一对多关系
说明:Order与OrderDetail是一对多关系,首先DeleteOnSubmit其OrderDetail(多端),其次DeleteOnSubmit其Order(一端)。因为一端是主键。
var orderDetails = from o in db.OrderDetails where o.Order.CustomerID == "WARTH" && o.Order.EmployeeID == 3 select o;var order = (from o in db.Orders where o.CustomerID == "WARTH" && o.EmployeeID == 3 select o).First();foreach (OrderDetail od in orderDetails){ db.OrderDetails.DeleteOnSubmit(od);}db.Orders.DeleteOnSubmit(order);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述语句描述:使用DeleteOnSubmit方法从Order 和Order Details表中删除Order和Order Detail对象。首先从Order Details删除,然后从Orders删除。调用SubmitChanges将此删除保持到数据库。
3.推理删除(Inferred Delete)
说明:Order与OrderDetail是一对多关系,在上面的例子,我们全部删除CustomerID为WARTH和EmployeeID为3 的数据,那么我们不须全部删除呢?例如Order的OrderID为10248的OrderDetail有很多,但是我们只要删除ProductID为11的OrderDetail。这时就用Remove方法。
Order order = db.Orders.First(x => x.OrderID == 10248);OrderDetail od = order.OrderDetails.First(d => d.ProductID == 11);order.OrderDetails.Remove(od);db.SubmitChanges();
语句描述语句描述:这个例子说明在实体对象的引用实体将该对象从其EntitySet 中移除时,推理删除如何导致在该对象上发生实际的删除操作。仅当实体的关联映射将DeleteOnNull设置为true且CanBeNull 为false 时,才会发生推理删除行为。
使用Attach更新(Update with Attach)
说明:在对于在不同的DataContext之间,使用Attach方法来更新数据。例如在一个名为tempdb的NorthwindDataContext中,查询出Customer和Order,在另一个NorthwindDataContext中,Customer的地址更新为123 First Ave,Order的CustomerID 更新为CHOPS。
//通常,通过从其他层反序列化 XML 来获取要附加的实体//不支持将实体从一个DataContext附加到另一个DataContext//因此若要复制反序列化实体的操作,将在此处重新创建这些实体Customer c1;ListdeserializedOrders = new List ();Customer deserializedC1;using (NorthwindDataContext tempdb = new NorthwindDataContext()){ c1 = tempdb.Customers.Single(c => c.CustomerID == "ALFKI"); deserializedC1 = new Customer { Address = c1.Address, City = c1.City, CompanyName = c1.CompanyName, ContactName = c1.ContactName, ContactTitle = c1.ContactTitle, Country = c1.Country, CustomerID = c1.CustomerID, Fax = c1.Fax, Phone = c1.Phone, PostalCode = c1.PostalCode, Region = c1.Region }; Customer tempcust = tempdb.Customers.Single(c => c.CustomerID == "ANTON"); foreach (Order o in tempcust.Orders) { deserializedOrders.Add(new Order { CustomerID = o.CustomerID, EmployeeID = o.EmployeeID, Freight = o.Freight, OrderDate = o.OrderDate, OrderID = o.OrderID, RequiredDate = o.RequiredDate, ShipAddress = o.ShipAddress, ShipCity = o.ShipCity, ShipName = o.ShipName, ShipCountry = o.ShipCountry, ShippedDate = o.ShippedDate, ShipPostalCode = o.ShipPostalCode, ShipRegion = o.ShipRegion, ShipVia = o.ShipVia }); }}using (NorthwindDataContext db2 = new NorthwindDataContext()){ //将第一个实体附加到当前数据上下文,以跟踪更改 //对Customer更新,不能写错 db2.Customers.Attach(deserializedC1); //更改所跟踪的实体 deserializedC1.Address = "123 First Ave"; //附加订单列表中的所有实体 db2.Orders.AttachAll(deserializedOrders); //将订单更新为属于其他客户 foreach (Order o in deserializedOrders) { o.CustomerID = "CHOPS"; } //在当前数据上下文中提交更改 db2.SubmitChanges();}
语句描述:从另一个层中获取实体,使用Attach和AttachAll将反序列化后的实体附加到数据上下文,然后更新实体。更改被提交到数据库。
使用Attach更新和删除(Update and Delete with Attach)
说明:在不同的DataContext中,实现插入、更新、删除。看下面的一个例子:
//通常,通过从其他层反序列化XML获取要附加的实体//此示例使用 LoadWith 在一个查询中预先加载客户和订单,//并禁用延迟加载Customer cust = null;using (NorthwindDataContext tempdb = new NorthwindDataContext()){ DataLoadOptions shape = new DataLoadOptions(); shape.LoadWith(c => c.Orders); //加载第一个客户实体及其订单 tempdb.LoadOptions = shape; tempdb.DeferredLoadingEnabled = false; cust = tempdb.Customers.First(x => x.CustomerID == "ALFKI");}Order orderA = cust.Orders.First();Order orderB = cust.Orders.First(x => x.OrderID > orderA.OrderID);using (NorthwindDataContext db2 = new NorthwindDataContext()){ //将第一个实体附加到当前数据上下文,以跟踪更改 db2.Customers.Attach(cust); //附加相关订单以进行跟踪; 否则将在提交时插入它们 db2.Orders.AttachAll(cust.Orders.ToList()); //更新客户的Phone. cust.Phone = "2345 5436"; //更新第一个订单OrderA的ShipCity. orderA.ShipCity = "Redmond"; //移除第二个订单OrderB. cust.Orders.Remove(orderB); //添加一个新的订单Order到客户Customer中. Order orderC = new Order() { ShipCity = "New York" }; cust.Orders.Add(orderC); //提交执行 db2.SubmitChanges();}
语句描述:从一个上下文提取实体,并使用 Attach 和 AttachAll 附加来自其他上下文的实体,然后更新这两个实体,删除一个实体,添加另一个实体。更改被提交到数据库。